淮亞利

安(an)科(ke)瑞電氣(qi)股份有限公司 上(shang)海嘉定 201801

      摘  要：三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)異步電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)是企業生(sheng)產設備中的關(guan)鍵部件，一旦其(qi)出現故障，便會(hui)在(zai)(zai)很大程度上影響到企業的正(zheng)常生(sheng)產，并給企業帶來損失(shi)。鑒于此(ci)，本文(wen)便針對三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)異步電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)運行過程中出現的常見故障，提出相(xiang)(xiang)應的維修方法(fa)，同(tong)時為了提高企業經濟效(xiao)益，還對三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)異步電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)節能方法(fa)進行了研究。

      關鍵詞：三(san)相(xiang)異步；電動機；維(wei)修(xiu)；故(gu)障

0引言

在企業(ye)生產中，三(san)相異步(bu)(bu)電動機作為機械設備中的關鍵(jian)零部件(jian)，其運行(xing)水平的高低會(hui)對企業(ye)生產造成很大(da)影響(xiang)，甚至還會(hui)威脅到生產人員的人身(shen)安(an)全。為了(le)保(bao)障三(san)相異步(bu)(bu)電動機的安(an)全運行(xing)，進一步(bu)(bu)增強(qiang)三(san)相異步(bu)(bu)電動機的節能效果(guo)，以(yi)下便深入(ru)研究其常見故障的相關維(wei)修與(yu)節能方法(fa)。

1三相異步電動機的常見故障維修方法分析

在三相異步電動機(ji)運(yun)行中，其常(chang)(chang)見(jian)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)有很(hen)多，但從(cong)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)發生(sheng)部位(wei)來對(dui)這些常(chang)(chang)見(jian)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)進行歸納和總(zong)結，可將(jiang)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的類(lei)型劃分為(wei)機(ji)械故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)與電氣故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)兩類(lei)。以(yi)下便分別針(zhen)對(dui)其常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的機(ji)械故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)和電氣故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，分析對(dui)應的維修(xiu)方法。

1.1機械(xie)故障的維(wei)修方法。

在三相(xiang)異步電(dian)動機(ji)運行(xing)中(zhong)，因軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)發生(sheng)(sheng)損(sun)壞，或(huo)是(shi)(shi)軸(zhou)出(chu)現彎曲，會導致三相(xiang)異步電(dian)動機(ji)出(chu)現掃(sao)膛現象，減(jian)小了定子(zi)與轉(zhuan)子(zi)間的(de)(de)氣隙，從(cong)而(er)使(shi)定子(zi)與轉(zhuan)子(zi)發生(sheng)(sheng)摩擦，損(sun)傷到(dao)鐵芯(xin)表現，該故障會引發硅鋼片短路(lu)，從(cong)而(er)使(shi)電(dian)動機(ji)因過(guo)高的(de)(de)溫度(du)而(er)被燒毀。許多(duo)機(ji)械故障的(de)(de)原因都(dou)來(lai)自于軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)，這是(shi)(shi)因為軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)容易受到(dao)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)的(de)(de)，而(er)且其(qi)往(wang)往(wang)需(xu)要(yao)承(cheng)(cheng)擔重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)負(fu)載，因此(ci)要(yao)對(dui)電(dian)動機(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)經常性的(de)(de)檢查(cha)。在具(ju)體維修時，需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)電(dian)動機(ji)的(de)(de)故障表現進(jin)行(xing)觀察，通過(guo)聞、聽來(lai)判斷是(shi)(shi)否(fou)存在軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)損(sun)壞問題(ti)。當(dang)發現電(dian)動機(ji)內有異響，如(ru)(ru)(ru)雜音、不連續的(de)(de)梗梗聲、異物(wu)滾動的(de)(de)聲音，便(bian)需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)其(qi)進(jin)行(xing)拆卸檢查(cha)，以此(ci)判斷軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)受到(dao)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)，并(bing)觀察其(qi)表面(mian)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)被銹蝕或(huo)產生(sheng)(sheng)滑痕。如(ru)(ru)(ru)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)損(sun)壞不明顯(xian)，則(ze)需(xu)將其(qi)放平，然后捏住傳動軸(zhou)內圈，并(bing)向(xiang)外鋼圈施加推力，或(huo)是(shi)(shi)采取相(xiang)反的(de)(de)操作，以此(ci)判斷軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)有嚴重(zhong)(zhong)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)發現軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，則(ze)需(xu)對(dui)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)更換，需(xu)要(yao)通過(guo)變壓器油煮或(huo)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)加熱器來(lai)判斷軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)質量是(shi)(shi)否(fou)完好后方可進(jin)行(xing)裝(zhuang)配，并(bing)且在裝(zhuang)配前為其(qi)涂抹適量的(de)(de)潤滑油，以防(fang)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)過(guo)熱。

1.2電氣故障的維修(xiu)方法。

對(dui)于(yu)三相(xiang)(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)來(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)，其(qi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣部分故障(zhang)(zhang)主要(yao)包括定(ding)子繞組缺(que)相(xiang)(xiang)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不平衡(heng)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣控制(zhi)失(shi)效等，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣部分故障(zhang)(zhang)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中斷或無(wu)法啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)。對(dui)于(yu)定(ding)子繞組缺(que)相(xiang)(xiang)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)故障(zhang)(zhang)來(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)，在(zai)(zai)維修(xiu)時(shi)需要(yao)結合實際情況來(lai)對(dui)檢查維護(hu)計(ji)劃(hua)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)定(ding)，確(que)保對(dui)其(qi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)經(jing)常(chang)性的(de)(de)(de)檢查，并(bing)(bing)對(dui)低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器及線路進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)正(zheng)確(que)安(an)裝， 同(tong)時(shi)所選擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)要(yao)符合對(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)環(huan)境要(yao)求，熱(re)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器要(yao)合理選擇(ze)，并(bing)(bing)對(dui)導(dao)線及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規范(fan)施工。對(dui)于(yu)三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不平衡(heng)故障(zhang)(zhang)來(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)，在(zai)(zai)維修(xiu)時(shi)則需要(yao)對(dui)定(ding)子繞組進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)重新繞制(zhi)， 檢查是否有不合理之處并(bing)(bing)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)校正(zheng)，此(ci)外還要(yao)對(dui)測量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)測量(liang)(liang)，盡大限度的(de)(de)(de)消除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不平衡(heng)現象。對(dui)于(yu)熔(rong)體熔(rong)斷類(lei)所導(dao)致的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣控制(zhi)失(shi)效故障(zhang)(zhang)，在(zai)(zai)維修(xiu)時(shi)則需確(que)保所選的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)應(ying)達(da)到其(qi)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)二倍，并(bing)(bing)對(dui)熔(rong)座與熔(rong)體進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)牢固連接，選擇(ze)合適的(de)(de)(de)緊固熔(rong)絲。

2三相異步電動機節能方法

三相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)運行(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程中，是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)來(lai)對轉(zhuan)子進(jin)行(xing)(xing)驅動(dong)(dong)而得(de)以(yi)(yi)運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)三種(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)方法來(lai)提高三相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)果(guo)，一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)并(bing)接于三相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制端，三相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)本質上來(lai)說相(xiang)(xiang)當于一個(ge)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感與電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻所組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，在(zai)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)并(bing)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)來(lai)達(da)到較(jiao)為理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)果(guo)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)并(bing)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠有(you)效(xiao)補償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)，從(cong)(cong)而使電(dian)(dian)(dian)網所受沖擊(ji)減小(xiao)，功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數則(ze)會隨之(zhi)提高。這種(zhong)(zhong)方法簡單實用(yong)，不過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)需要注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)并(bing)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)時(shi)需要采(cai)0取相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)措施來(lai)消除可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)振蕩現象。另一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)同期補償(chang)器(qi)(qi)來(lai)發(fa)揮節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)果(guo)，同期補償(chang)器(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)對三相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)功(gong)(gong)相(xiang)(xiang)角與無功(gong)(gong)相(xiang)(xiang)角進(jin)行(xing)(xing)有(you)效(xiao)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，從(cong)(cong)而在(zai)間接上使三相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數得(de)以(yi)(yi)提高，進(jin)而發(fa)揮出相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)作(zuo)用(yong)。后一種(zhong)(zhong)方法是(shi)利用(yong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)調(diao)壓(ya)裝置來(lai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)調(diao)壓(ya)裝置，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠自動(dong)(dong)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)三相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)負載(zai)變(bian)化(hua)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)借(jie)助于負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流來(lai)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)負載(zai)變(bian)化(hua)情(qing)況進(jin)行(xing)(xing)反映(ying)，而可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)調(diao)壓(ya)裝置則(ze)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)效(xiao)切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)等值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)正弦波，這樣導通(tong)(tong)角的(de)(de)(de)(de)降低(di)也會使可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)輸(shu)出端中的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)得(de)越低(di)，從(cong)(cong)而達(da)到理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)果(guo)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅(gui)調(diao)壓(ya)裝置在(zai)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程中具(ju)有(you)無觸(chu)點(dian)、體積小(xiao)、無電(dian)(dian)(dian)網沖擊(ji)、無噪(zao)音、無損耗等優(you)點(dian)，因此這種(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)方法在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子工(gong)業中有(you)著非(fei)常廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展前景。

3安科瑞ARD系列智能電動機保護器介紹與綜合選型

3.1產品簡介

ARD該系(xi)列低壓電(dian)動(dong)機保護器(qi)，具有(you)過載、斷相、不平(ping)衡、欠載、接(jie)地/漏電(dian)、堵轉等(deng)(deng)保護功能(neng)。可與接(jie)觸器(qi)、電(dian)動(dong)機起動(dong)器(qi)等(deng)(deng)電(dian)器(qi)元(yuan)件構成電(dian)動(dong)機控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)保護單元(yuan)，具有(you)遠(yuan)程自動(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、現場(chang)直接(jie)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、面板指示、信號報(bao)警、現場(chang)總線(xian)通(tong)信等(deng)(deng)功能(neng)。應(ying)用范圍：可廣泛(fan)應(ying)用于煤礦、石化、冶煉、電(dian)力、建筑等(deng)(deng)行業的配(pei)電(dian)領(ling)域。

說明：“√"表(biao)示具備“■"表(biao)示可選(xuan)

4結束語

總而言之，在維修三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)常見故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時，要正確(que)(que)判斷故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)到(dao)底是(shi)機(ji)(ji)械故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，還是(shi)電(dian)氣故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，然后(hou)再采取相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)方法(fa)來進(jin)行(xing)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)排查，以此準確(que)(que)找出(chu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)位置(zhi)和故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)原因，這樣才能使(shi)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)得到(dao)有效排除。并(bing)且(qie)，在節(jie)能環保的(de)(de)大趨(qu)勢下，我國工業發展更(geng)應進(jin)行(xing)積極的(de)(de)響應，對三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)節(jie)能方法(fa)進(jin)行(xing)不(bu)斷探索和研究，這樣才能使(shi)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)得到(dao)更(geng)加廣泛的(de)(de)推廣與應用。

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[3]安科瑞(rui)企業微電網設計(ji)與應用手冊.2020.06版.

作者簡介：

淮亞利，女(nv)，本科安科瑞電(dian)氣股份有限公(gong)司，主要研究方向(xiang)為電(dian)動機保護器的(de)設計(ji)與應用。